Political Culture and Government Design
What is Political Culture?
Culture is characteristic and knowledge of a particular group and not written down for obligation.
Political Culture
1. Patterns of orientation (values, beliefs, tradition) that serve to distinguish political practices in society.
2. Heavily influences by historical experiences and differences in anthropology and socio-cultural preferences.
Alomond and Verba, The Civic Culture
Participant
Culture of participant (involve in the process) much of the western world is a participant culture. If you a participant, culture is easier to understand participant culture.
Subject
1. The king is always right.
2. People actively discourage political activity (slave), depend on a figure
3. Difficult to adapt in democracy
Parochial
1. Their royal is to a group, not a leader.
2. Separate and terrible in sense, the example is Afganistan (Independent tribes, hard to acknowledge the government, because their loyalty is not to the government but group)
3. Nightmare to democracy (impossible to bring them to bring democracy)
A Gramscian View
The political figure may be artificially constructed by the political elite through hegemony. This is similar to Luke's third dimension of power (manipulation). Created by someone as a purpose (keep us inline). You do not realize if we are influenced.
Bourgious Class
1. Education
2. Mass media
3. Churches
4. Civil Society
5. Law enforcement
6. Courts
- The proletariat masses (follow the rule, if you don't follow the template, you will be punished by the court or object of neighborhood gossip)
- Legal/illegal practices based on a particular area (illegal in Aceh, it doesn't mean illegal in Jakarta)
Cons of Using Political Culture
1. By using political culture as a method of analysis, it tends to encourage stereotyping and over-generalization of the political process.
2. There are also methodological problems, such as determining which cultural trait is more significant than others.
So, how political culture influences the government?
1. Political culture, regardless of how it is constructed, can shape expectations of citizens and the priority of government for the conservative country)
2.Liberal culture tends to adopt a more egalitarian system and conservative culture tends to adopt a more hierarchical system.
3. Javanese people to Ki Hajar Dewantoro (Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo, Ing Madyo Mangun Karso, Tut Wuri Handayani)
4. Seberang Culture
a. Javanese culture (61% population in Indonesia).
b. Batak and Minang culture influence.
c. Most revolution women from Sumatra.
1. Society was small and nomadic. Hunter bands were very communitarian, they would be more cooperative because the death of a member would be costly.
2. Suspected that they would also be egalitarian: each member of the band would view others as being more or less equal.
1. Society becomes larger and more sedentary. They could grow their food without needing to hunt.
2. Society also become hierarchical. If you owned the food, you would command more respect in society. This lead to the first inequality (inequality of land)
3. Society also become diversified. They would be more skilled in growing grain, fishing, husbandry, and accounting.
1. People need to protect their sources from invaders monarch (landlord) would hire mercenaries or enlist armies to keep their lands safe.
2. Sometimes, the war would also be waged with other landlords over warming land.
1. Societies become capable of mass production. Foods, clothes, machines, you name it.
2. Hierarchy persisted but was increasingly challenged. The political relationship was not based on tradition, but rationally.
3. 1917 no longer constitution to obey monarchy.
1. The old aristocracies were perceived as being corrupt. The masses began to develop a sense of belonging with the larger population.
2. Rely on ourself= I am a citizen of Indonesia instead I am the object of the king.
3. Rejecting form of monarch.
4. Google imagines communities.
The Push for Self-Determination
1. The Frech revolution set of waves of nationalism across Europe, even starting off two world wars and dozens of war liberation in European colonies.
2. This also caused by the spread of liberal and humanities values of the enlightenment.
Experiences with democratization
1. South Korea - Multiple military dictatorships before democracy
2. Indonesia- Two dictatorship before democracy
3. Thailand - Absolute monarchy until 1932, currently under military rule after the 2014 coup.
4. Japan - Transitioned quickly after being nuked twice
5. Ethiopia - until the 1990s, was an autocracy.
The Digital Revolution
1. Societies are becoming increasingly porous, mobile, and interconnected.
2. Even national political issues are becoming more globalized.
3. Populism and the return of nationalism
What's the "gold standard" of the government
1. Is liberal democracy the highest standard of the government?
2. If it is, are some societies simply not equipped culturally to embrace democracy? Or is it because of other reasons?
2. If it is, are some societies simply not equipped culturally to embrace democracy? Or is it because of other reasons?
3. Based on this, is there any predetermined set of "golden cultural sets
4. Observes of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand in democracy experience
5. Political culture first
6. Indonesia: example of the successful democratic transition from dictatorship
Conclusion
1. Political culture gives an idea of how societies design their government. There are often historical and social elements that shape culture.
2. However, with society becoming increasingly globalized and homogeneous, there may be a point where only a single political culture would be considered 'good' enough.
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