An Introduction of Political Ideologies
“An ideology is a system of values and beliefs regarding the various institutions and processes of society that is accepted as fact or truth by a group of people. An ideology provides the believer with a picture of the world both as it and as it should be, and, in doing so, it organizes the tremendous complexity of the world into something fairly simple and understandable”
1. What kind of state in China?
China is Republic state… a people’s republic. A “republic” is where the highest mandate lies in the representative elected by the people and authority is not inherited.
2. What form of government does China have?
The form of government of China is Leninist (Single party)
- It means that there is a single party that controls the entire apparatus of government such as taxes.
- The party acts as a central authority that intervenes in many affairs.
- There is no to political opposition.
3. What is the main ideology of the Chinese government?
The ideology of China is a unique form of Communism.
B. The Ideological Spectrum
1. Conservatism
Usually characterized as being resistant to change, a willingness to stick tradition, skepticism of human reason and nature and emphasizing society as a whole rather than the individual (you like traditions).
Variants include :
- Conservative nationalism : the idea that the nation has to be preserved by any means (can become full – blown fascism).
- Moderate conservatism : a balanced position which values both individual freedom but also society as a whole (careful version).
2. Liberalism
picture source : google.com
The idea that individual liberty should be maximized because it allows progress. State apparatus should not be judged based on tradition, but rather their work in maximizing the protection of individual right.
Variants include :
- Liberal nationalism : The nation need to be more inclusive for maximum progress potential (individual choice to progress).
- Moderate liberal : A liberal who likes individual liberty, but also favours gradual steps toward progress.
C. Individual liberty vs state authority
1. Full state = Totalitarinism (very extreme)
- Total control (allowing very little room for individual expression of liberty).
- Many authoritarian country do this action, for real example is North Korean.
You will get Social credit form (if u do good u get more point = you do what the state mandate).
Variants include :
- Authoritarian = Soeharto (Indonesia) Park Chung Hee (South Korean)
- Facism = Hitler’s Germany
- Stanlist / maoist communism
- Autocracy = Roman Empire
2. Anarchism (NO CONTROL
over the individual – extreme)
Capitalism
picture source : google.com
Communism
picture source : google.com
Economy activity should
be regulated heavily by the state
Example : Igor and Ivan haring based on their need. Igor is a banker (more salary) and Ivan is farmer (less salary). So, Igor must share his salary to Ivan for equality based on needs.
Variants include
- Anarcho – communism.
- Syndicalism – labour unions as a potent political force.
- Green socialism – critiques industrial capitalism.
- Democratic socialism.
E. Outside the spectrum
- Contemporary ideologies : There are also contemporary ideologies which are variants of spectrum, such as Feminism, Environmentalism and Islamism are included in category.
1. Feminism
picture source : Pinterest
·
Sees the world through Feminist lens. The dominant narrative has been build by men, which has
marginalized women.
· Advocates social, political and economic
equality for women and marginalized genders.
· Example : Betty Friedmen, Feminine mystique
- Rising children, laundry (not natural but we made up).
- 1920 = women not allow to vote (they are emotionally) , not allow to work (cannot physically handle office).
- Injustice against woman.
2. Environmentalism /
green politics
·
Views the survival of the environment as
an ultimate political objective. Government needs to emphasize protection of environment
rather than industry.
We need to dominate nature. Purpose = not dominate nature but hoping that environment condition able enjoy nature. Job to preserve nature = Greta Thunberg, Paris agreement, green deal(us lection).
3. Islamism
picture source : pinterest
·
The counter – narrative to modern
liberalism. Advocates the implementation of sharia (as interpreted in the Qur’an)
in all aspects of socio – political life.
·
Example : Hizbut Tahrir (non-violent)
ISIS (militant), wahabism.
·
Not to be confused at Islam.
You do not to be a moeslem for Islamism but its hard to understand.
Conclusion
·
An ideology basically a system of ideas
that acts as a “lens” on how we view reality .
Through those lens, we then create the “best” for them.
·
There are many ideologies out there.
Through different, they may share important basic tenets, such as authority,
liberty and justice.
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